Should animals be used for medical research

But the author, Gavan McNallyprovided no scientific references to support his claim. The best available evidence Those in positions of authority who publicly claim important social benefits from research upon which their careers are dependent have a moral obligation to ensure those claims are supported by sound evidence. The best evidence we have about the social utility of animal research comes from systematic reviews. Such analyses aim to include all relevant scientific publications such as animal studiesand include multiple steps to minimise bias.

Standler's draft code Improvements in medicine and surgery during the last two centuries have greatly extended the average lifetime of people and reduced the pain and disability following various injuries and diseases.

Questions and Answers About Biomedical Research : The Humane Society of the United States

Because medicine and surgery have a strong basis in scientific knowledge, it is absolutely necessary for medical progress that there be experiments on humans. There can be no doubt that human experimentation is necessary and desirable. Society owes a great debt to the many creative physicians and surgeons who have performed ethical experiments and advanced medical technology.

If there be any doubt, I say that I am definitely in favor of research, but we should also insist on ethical conduct. There is also a dark side to human experimentation: Not only was informed consent not obtained, but the physician often fraudulently described the experimental procedure as either a diagnostic procedure or a treatment for the patient's condition, when the physician had no reason to believe that the patient might benefit from the experiment.

History has shown that nonconsensual experiments are often performed on captive people in an institution, particularly people who society has regarded as "less worthy" e. Such people are unable to decline or reject the experiment and few people will ever know what really happened.

Regulation of medical experimentation on human beings must consider the following: Experiments on human subjects are performed after in vitro experiments and after experiments on animals have shown that a drug or technique has a reasonable possibility of benefiting human beings.

In assessing the desirability and acceptability of the experiment, one should consider the severity of the disorder e.

Informed consent is necessary for the personal autonomy of the subject. In my opinion, these three considerations are not to be balanced against each other, but are to be independently satisfied. The conflict of interest is worth exploring further, as it is the key to analyzing much of the ethics of human experimentation.

Patients expect safe, effective treatment for their condition and patients trust their physician to supply unbiased advice. But, in human experimentation, the relationship is often not physician to patient, but is researcher to subject.

Should Humans Eat Meat? [Excerpt] - Scientific American

The researcher gets paid to do the clinical trial or experiment, and may also receive royalty income from new drugs, devices, or cell cultures that are developed in the experiment.

The researcher may even become famous as the author of a landmark paper in the archival medical literature, which is a kind of immortality. In contrast, the subjects get pain and sometimes permanent injury, or even death, from the experiment.

A copy of the Nurnberg Code is posted at the U. Absolutely essential to obtain voluntary, informed consent of every human subject. Voluntary means without any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, or coercion.

Experiment must be designed to yield results for the good of society, unprocurable by other means of study. Animal experimentation should precede experiments on humans. Must avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. Do not perform experiments in which there is reason to believe death or disabling injury will occur.

The degree of risk taken by subjects should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by experiment. How do we apply this vague, overbroad principle?

Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death.

The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. Human subject may withdraw consent at any time if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible.

Scientist must terminate experiment at any time, if he has probable cause to believe that continuation of experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.

This code also appears to prohibit innovative treatments on dying patients.Mice and rats make up 95 percent of all animals used in medical research, from drug development to testing dietary supplements. Life's Little Mysteries explains what makes these rodents the ideal.

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Joseph Mercola. Animals should be used in medical research Even though it may seem cruel, animal should be used in medical research, but only as a last resort and with the means of improving their conditions.

If they are used, animals more appropriate such as rats should be used in the research instead of larger animals.

Harvard’s Wyss Institute has created “organs-on-chips” that contain human cells grown in a state-of-the-art system to mimic the structure and function of human organs and organ systems. The chips can be used instead of animals in disease research, drug testing, and toxicity testing and have been shown to replicate human physiology, diseases, and drug responses more accurately than crude.

An estimated 17 to 22 million vertebrate animals are used each year in research, education, and testing—less than 1 percent of the number killed for food.

9 About 85 percent of these animals are rats and mice that have been bred for research.